The head typically being made form stainless steel, and the stem from high carbon steel. The valve is made in two parts and then welded together. The stem runs in the valve guide and ensures that the valve is only able to move up and down, and not wiggle from side to side. The valve itself consists of a circular head connected to a long stem. Runs between the crankshaft and the camshaft, binding them together, keeping them locked in sync. The valves must be synchronised with the piston so that they open and close at the correct moment on the piston’s stroke. The valves are controlled by a camshaft which, at the correct time, pushes each valve open - either directly or through a linkage. Opens on the exhaust stroke so that the burned mixture can be forced out by the upwards movement of the piston. The valve will then close so that the mix can be compressed and burned, then the Will be open and a mixture of air and fuel can enter. Valves need to create a minimum of obstruction to the flow of gases when they are open, and create a gas tight seal when they are closed. There are two sets of valves - one set to control the intake and one set for the exhaust. This flow of gases is controlled by the valves. Gases flow into and out of the combustion chamber through passages in the cylinder head called
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